中国日报：圣贤之声 回响千年

编者按：禹风浩荡越水长。禹文化是绍兴文化通向世界的又一张“金名片”，正进一步推动亚洲文明之间的交流互鉴。2022年“文化和自然遗产日”当天，我国国家英文报纸、世界了解中国的重要窗口《中国日报》（China Daily）专版刊文《圣贤之声 回响千年》，详述《中国禹迹图》的编制过程、内容及其重要意义，以禹文化为纽带连接世界，引发强烈反响。现将报道原文及中文译版全文转载，以飨读者。

Voice of sage of the ages

echoes down the centuries

马振寰、祁潇/文

In China， Dayu， or Yu the Great， is a household name and a character who figures prominently in the origin of Chinese civilization. He is credited with establishing the Xia Dynasty （c. 21st century-16th century BC）， the start of China's dynastic rule. Even some toddlers can vividly tell his heroics of controlling the primordial floods that had once ravaged the lands.

在中国，大禹是一个家喻户晓的名字，他也是一个在中华文明起源中扮演重要角色的人物。一般认为，正是大禹建立了夏王朝（约公元前21世纪至公元前16世纪），从此拉开了中国历史上王朝统治的序幕。如果你去到中国，甚至是一些蹒跚学步的孩童都能绘声绘色地讲述这位圣人治理上古时期大洪水的丰功伟绩。

大禹汉画像

Indeed， it is often said in historical records that “Around the Nine Regions， traces of Yu can be found everywhere， and temples commemorating Yu can be seen everywhere”. Nine Regions is a term generally found in ancient Chinese history referring to Chinese territories and has since taken on the meaning of China.

的确，人们经常会说道：“盖九州之中，禹之迹无弗在也，禹之庙亦无弗有也”——作为古代中国的一个地理区划概念，“九州”早已成为“中国”的代名词。

《中国禹迹图》（2022年版）

Now， with the publication of a map and its accompanying materials， including a book of copious notes and photos， a fuller picture of Yu's achievements is available， one that gives a deeper insight into his legacy.

而近期一幅地图及其相关资料的出版发行让人们更进一步地了解到大禹留给后世的遗产。这幅名为《中国禹迹图》的成果由正图、说明、表格、照片、资料汇编等五部分组成。

The map， covering 26 provinces， autonomous regions and municipalities， which is titled Zhongguo Yuji Tu （Map of Traces of Yu in China）， documents 323 of more than 1，000 Yuji， or traces of Yu， across the country.

从全国1000余处禹迹中，精选26个省（自治区、直辖市）的323个点，分属11个流域，详细记述了“禹迹”。

“It is by no means a simple list，” says Qiu Zhirong， one of the chief editors of the map and deputy head of the Water History Committee of the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society. “Rather， it is a serious academic exploration of a major Chinese historical and cultural phenomenon.”

“这些禹迹点绝不是简单地罗列，” 《中国禹迹图》主编之一，中国水利学会水利史研究会副会长邱志荣表示。“它们是破解历史文化大案一项重要的学术探究。”

大禹陵碑

First， Yuji， or traces of Yu， have been clearly defined. They include sacrificial activities， memorial buildings， inscriptions， ruins， historical records of his stories and folk tales， as well as place names and a few movable relics and intangible cultural heritage， among others， that are based on Yu's flood control and have survived to this day， researchers who have compiled the map say.

首先，《中国禹迹图》对“禹迹”进行了清晰严格的界定。编制该图的专家们表示，所谓禹迹，就是根据史料中有关大禹治水及其他活动足迹和传说的记载，至今留存的有关大禹的祭祀活动、纪念建筑设施、地物表征、碑刻题刻、地名遗存物等不可移动的自然、历史物质遗存、遗址、遗迹。

“Each entry has been rigorously selected，” Qiu says. “Many scholars have started to visit and conduct field investigation on the 'traces of Yu' since the early 1990s， and their research has laid a solid foundation for the publication of the current map.”

“这些禹迹点都是专家学者们经过精挑细选确定的，”邱志荣介绍到。“从20世纪90年代开始，就有多名学者开始了对各个禹迹的走访、考证。这些研究都为编制和出版《中国禹迹图》奠定了坚实的基础。”

禹迹标识揭牌仪式

Using the map and supporting documents， readers can readily pinpoint the location of each point of Yuji and find out its name， category， origin， current status and in which historical documents it was first recorded.

利用该图以及相关的辅助资料，读者们可以快速方便地找到某个禹迹点所处的位置，找出它的名称、所属类别、现状、起源年代以及出处等。

For a long time， Yu had been regarded by some as mythical， but more recent archaeological and historical findings have led to a revaluation of the historicity of him and his flood control. In the 1960s archaeological excavations at Erlitou in Yanshi， Henan province， an early Bronze Age site， turned up remains of palaces and ancestral temples that predated the Shang Dynasty （c. 16th century-11th century BC）. The ruins of Wangchenggang， in Dengfeng， Henan province， excavated in the 1970s， are believed to be the capital established by Yu in about 2070 BC and recorded in pre-Qin （221-206 BC） literature.

一段时间以来，有些学者认为大禹只是传说中的人物，而非真实的历史存在。但是现代考古学和历史学的一些新发现已经让学界和公众重新审视大禹以及大禹治水的历史性。比如，20世纪60年代，在我国的河南省偃师二里头考古发现了早于商朝（约公元前16世纪至公元前11世纪）的宫殿和宗庙遗存。再比如，20世纪70年代发掘出的河南省登封王城岗遗址，被认为是先秦文献所载的禹都之阳城，约始建于公元前2070年。

Archaeological excavations have also confirmed that several regional civilizations existed along the Yellow River， the Huaihe River， as well as the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Taihu Plain between 10，000 and 4，000 years ago.

同样，考古发掘也证实了距今1万至4000年的黄淮流域、长江中下游和太湖平原等地区已存在多个区域文明。

河南二里头夏都遗址博物馆

In fact， in the Song Dynasty （960-1279）， an effort had already been made to draw the Yuji Tu （Map of Traces of Yu）. The one that had been engraved on a stele in 1136， and that now resides in the Forest of Stone Steles Museum in Xi'an， Shaanxi province， is one of the earliest extant national maps and among the most famous.

事实上，先贤们早在宋代时期（960-1279）就开始编制《禹迹图》了。现存于陕西西安碑林博物馆的一块石碑上即存有《禹迹图》，刻于1136年，被认为是世界上现存最早的、最杰出的国家地图之一。

西安碑林《禹迹图》

The first attempts to make the current Zhongguo Yuji Tu were in 2017， when Qiu and his collaborators set out to compile the Shaoxing Yuji Tu （Map of Traces of Yu in the city of Shaoxing in Zhejiang province）， which was published in 2018 and the following year was expanded to become the Zhejiang Yuji Tu （Map of Traces of Yu in Zhejiang province）. It is no coincidence that Shaoxing was the focal point， for it was to this place that Qin Shihuang （259-210 BC）， China's first emperor， traveled and performed sacrificial rituals for Yu the Great.

而《中国禹迹图》的编制实则在2017年就已经开始了，当时邱志荣和一众学者启动了《绍兴禹迹图》的编制工作，并于2018年发布该图。又经过了一年的努力，《绍兴禹迹图》又被进一步扩展，覆盖了整个浙江省。2019年，《浙江禹迹图》应运而生。绍兴能够成为禹迹图的“核心”和“焦点”也绝非偶然，因为正是在绍兴，中国的始皇帝秦始皇（前259-前210）“祭大禹”，开创了帝王祭禹之先河。

Shaoxing is also where Yu's mausoleum lies today and where the most widely heard story of his is said to have taken place.

绍兴也是大禹长眠之地——大禹陵就坐落在绍兴市越城区东南稽山门外会稽山麓；同时，绍兴还是大禹最广为流传的故事的发生地之一。

会稽山大禹陵

It is said that when Yu the Great went about taming the floods， he met a member of a local clan and they married. However， a few days later Yu had to leave home to continue fighting the scourge of floods. For the next 13 years he did not set foot in his home again， even though he went by it three times.

相传大禹治水期间，在绍兴遇到涂山氏女，两人一见倾心，喜结连理。但是婚后没有几天，大禹就不得不继续踏上治理洪水的征程中，一去就是13年。这13年里，因担心治水进度，他曾经三过家门而不入。在此期间，大禹的妻子涂山氏女在家里日盼夜盼，天天盼望夫君平安归来。

In this time， it is said， his wife， eagerly awaiting his return month in and month out， could not help but utter in increasing frustration，“Oh， I am waiting for him.” This single line， some experts say， is the first poem composed by a female writer in China.

一天天、一月月、一年年过去了，涂山氏女望穿了秋水，还是不得见禹。据说她不禁叹息，吟咏着“候人兮，猗！”有些学者认为，虽然仅是简单的四个字，这却是中国女性所做的第一首诗。

“Yu is a cultural totem of perseverance and struggle for the Chinese nation in the face of difficulties，” says Tan Xuming， head of the Water History Committee of the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society.

“禹迹是中华民族面临困境坚忍不拔，奋斗不息的文化图腾，”中国水利学会水利史研究会会长谭徐明认为。

Over time Yuji， or the traces of Yu， have become an integral part of society and culture. “They are a moral symbol to encourage the Chinese people to bravely fight natural disasters and work together in times of trouble，” Tan says. “Yu and his stories serve as a spiritual bond that has linked the Chinese people throughout history.”

几千年来，它们已经成为中国社会和文化的重要组成部分。“作为治水之神的禹迹，是鼓励国人面对灾害，公而忘私、同舟共济，兴水利除水害的道德标识，”谭徐明表示。“是凝聚中华民族的精神纽带。”

会稽山

They do more than connect Chinese people； they have a deep influence on other East Asian countries too， Japan and South Korea in particular， where many Yuji， or traces of Yu， can be found. For example， in Japan， more than 150 such traces have been documented.

大禹文化连接的不仅仅是中华民族，它对周边的东亚国家，尤其是在日本和韩国民间也有着深远的影响。比如数据显示，日本目前就有150多处禹迹。

With the publication of the Chinese version of the two maps of traces of Yu in Japan and South Korea on the same day as Zhongguo Yuji Tu， a map covering the whole of East Asia is expected to be published in the near future.

其实与《中国禹迹图》同时发布的还有经过翻译校正的《日本禹王遗迹分布图》和《韩国禹王遗迹分布图》。这也就意味着，《东亚禹迹图》的框架已基本形成，将会在不远的将来与大家见面。

日韩禹王遗迹分布图

“As in China， the stories of Yu have taken deep root among Japanese and Koreans，” says He Junjie， director of the Shaoxing Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism. “The ancient sage helped with flood control during his time， and now he is helping strengthen cultural exchanges between different nations.”

“就像在中国一样，大禹文化在日本和韩国民间早已生根，”绍兴市委宣传部副部长、市文化广电旅游局局长何俊杰说道。“这位上古圣贤在他那个时代不辞辛劳地治水，现如今他的宝贵文化遗产又在作为一个桥梁进一步推动亚洲文明之间的交流互鉴。”

继禹之迹 亦世赖福（东汉《西狭颂》）